Functional Communication Training (FCT) is an ABA therapy intervention designed to help individuals find better ways to express their needs, wants, and feelings.
Flywheel Centers, leading experts in ABA therapy, delves into the meaning of FCT within ABA therapy and describes how it is implemented and personalized according to the needs of each individual.
What Is FCT in ABA Used for and Who Benefits From It?
The goal of FCT in ABA is to replace challenging behaviors, like tantrums, screaming, or aggression, with more appropriate ways of communicating. It is primarily used to help individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities, who have difficulty with communication. FCT helps these people to express themselves more effectively, reducing frustration on their part, and enabling parents and caregivers to support their loved ones’ needs.
What Are the Core Principles of Functional Communication Training in ABA?
Functional Communication Training is based on the principles of behaviorism, which examines how behaviors are influenced by the environment and the consequences that follow those behaviors. One of the main ideas behind FCT is that communication is just another form of behavior. Just like any other behavior, communication serves a purpose—it helps people get what they want, whether it’s attention, assistance, or requesting an item.
FCT works by teaching people how to replace challenging behaviors with more appropriate and socially acceptable ways of communicating while still achieving the same goal. For example, instead of throwing a tantrum to get attention, a child might learn to raise their hand or use a device to ask for help.
What makes FCT so effective is that it looks at why someone is behaving a certain way and helps them express themselves in a way that’s more suitable.
Where Did Functional Communication Training Originate?
FCT, Functional Communication Training, originated in the 1980s within the field of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), a discipline focused on understanding and modifying behaviors. The approach was developed because experts realized that many challenging behaviors, like tantrums or aggression, often happen because the subject can’t express their needs or feelings clearly.
These seemingly difficult behaviors may not actually be misbehavior but rather the person’s way of trying to express a need or desire. Without the right tools to communicate, they may resort to disruptive or harmful actions instead. FCT aims to get right to the core and teach individuals to replace these problematic behaviors with appropriate forms of communication.
This approach has become a go-to strategy in both clinical and educational environments, where professionals work with children and adults who struggle with communication disorders such as autism. FCT in ABA therapy is one of the most commonly used interventions for reducing unwanted behaviors.
How Does FCT Differ From Traditional Communication Training?
Traditional communication training focuses on improving general communication skills, while FCT, Functional Communication Training, uses personalized strategies to replace challenging behaviors with positive communication. Below, we will see how these methods differ in both their approach and purpose:
Traditional Communication Training Examples
A traditional method might teach a child to say a specific word to ask for something (e.g., saying “cookie” to ask for a cookie).
These methods can be effective in predictable, controlled environments where the child is calm and there are minimal distractions. However, they typically focus on teaching the ‘how’ of communication—teaching the child the correct word or action—without addressing the ‘why’ behind the child’s behavior.
Many times, challenging behaviors like aggression, tantrums, or hurting themselves happen because the child has trouble expressing what they need or how they feel. For example, a child might act out when they’re frustrated because they don’t know how to say they’re feeling overwhelmed or need help.
In addition, traditional communication training often lacks practical solutions that can be easily applied in real-life situations. For example, a child might learn to say “cookie” in a therapy setting when they want a cookie, but in a busy or noisy environment, the child might not remember the word or might not know how to ask for a cookie in different contexts (like in a store or at a family gathering).
Functional Communication Training Examples
If a child is throwing a tantrum to get a toy, an FCT approach starts by figuring out why the tantrum is happening—what need or desire the child is trying to communicate. In this case, the need is the child wanting the toy. It then teaches them how to communicate that desire more appropriately (e.g., using a sign, picture, or device to ask for the toy).
Over time, this new method becomes second nature to the child, making them less dependent on disruptive behaviors like tantrums to get what they want.
This example clearly shows how FCT takes a more individualized, functional approach. Itss purpose is not just to teach a word or action, but to discover the reason behind behaviors.
In short, instead of just trying to eliminate the disruptive behavior, FCT addresses its root cause—communication difficulties—and works to improve that.
The difference between traditional communication training and FCT:
| Traditional Communication Training | Functional Communication Training | |
| Purpose | General language development | Replacing unwanted behaviors with effective communication |
| Approach | Standardized approach | Personalized, behavior-based strategies |
| Example | Practicing conversation starters through role-play | Teaching a child to use signs to ask for attention instead of shouting |
| Outcome | Improved language skills | Reduced problematic behaviors, improved communication |
What Are the Benefits of Functional Communication Training in ABA?
FCT, Functional Communication Training, can greatly improve the quality of life for individuals with autism or other developmental disorders in several key ways:
- Boosts Confidence
With the ability to express themselves in a way that others can understand, individuals can navigate their lives with greater independence.. Learning to communicate effectively reduces frustration and boosts confidence, both of which can help reduce behavioral challenges.
- Enhances Social Involvement
Individuals can use their new acquired communication skills to become more involved in social interactions, making it less likely they’ll turn to behaviors like tantrums, aggression, self-harm, or avoiding social situations due to difficulties expressing themselves. When individuals can communicate their needs and feelings clearly, they are more equipped to form meaningful relationships and participate in various aspects of life, from school to family gatherings to community events.
- Creates Lasting Improvements
Since FCT is tailored to each person’s needs, individuals receiving this therapy are more likely to stick with the new skills and see lasting improvements, compared to more traditional communication methods where they learn set phrases or behaviors that may not fit their needs in different situations.
Key Communication Modalities in Functional Communication Training
While we often associate communication only with speaking, there are actually many different ways to communicate. The right option for a child with ASD depends on their individual needs, preferences, and abilities. Here’s a look at the different communication modalities and how to determine which might work best:
Verbal Communication
For many individuals, using spoken words is the most natural and preferred method. However, some people may find it difficult to use words effectively due to speech or language delays.Extra support, such as speech therapy, may be needed to improve articulation and fluency.
Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication refers to the ways we convey messages without using words.This includes gestures, facial expressions, body language, and eye contact.
It is often used alongside other forms of communication for added context or emphasis. For example, a child who uses sign language or picture symbols might also point to reinforce their request.This is especially helpful for individuals who have difficulty speaking.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
For individuals who are non-verbal or have limited verbal abilities, AAC tools can provide effective communication options. These include low-tech options like communication boards and picture exchange systems, as well as high-tech devices that use speech-generating software.
AAC tools allow individuals to communicate through symbols, pictures, or text which can then be converted into spoken words.
Sign Language
Sign language is a useful communication method for individuals who are non-verbal or have difficulty with speech. Learning sign language provides an effective and widely recognized way to communicate.
How to Choose the Best Communication Modality
Selecting the best communication modality depends on a variety of factors, including:
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- Individual Preferences: Does the person prefer using spoken language, gestures, pictures, or a combination of these? Knowing their preferred way of communicating can ensure they’re comfortable with it.
- Cognitive Abilities: How easily can the person understand and process language? Individuals with cognitive challenges such as ASD may have difficulty processing complex language or understanding abstract concepts. They may need simpler, more visual communication methods like pictures or symbols.
- Physical Abilities: Does the person have any physical limitations, such as difficulty with fine motor skills? If so, tools that require less precision, like larger buttons or eye-tracking technology – as opposed to small buttons or touchscreens – may be a better fit.
- Environment and Context: Consider where and how the person will use the communication tool. Some methods may work better in quiet, one-on-one settings, like at home, while others might be more suitable for busy, dynamic environments such as a classroom or community space.
- Support System: Does the individual have the support and training they need to use the modality effectively? Ensuring caregivers, teachers, or others involved are properly trained can make a big difference in success.
Steps for Implementing Functional Communication Training
To make FCT work well, it’s important to follow a clear process that focuses on the person’s unique needs and abilities. Here are the main steps to get started:
Conducting a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
The first step in FCT is assessing the person’s communication skills and behaviors with an FBA. This helps figure out what’s working well and what’s not when it comes to their communication, and identify the reasons behind any challenging behaviors.
To do this, professionals will observe the person’s behavior, talk to caregivers, teachers, and others involved, and use checklists to gather information. The aim is to understand why the behavior is happening by identifying its underlying purpose. Is it to get attention? Avoid something? Seek sensory input? Or communicate a need?
Designing Effective Communication Interventions
The next step is creating strategies that are customized to the individual’s needs. Once the reason behind the behavior is understood, an effective method of communication will be set up. For example, if someone gets frustrated and acts out because they can’t ask for help, they’ll be taught to use pictures, sign language, or a speech-generating device to express their needs.
Implementing Training Across Various Settings
FCT needs to be used consistently in different places, like at home, school, and in the community. This gives the person plenty of chances to practice their communication skills in everyday situations.
It is important that everyone involved, including caregivers and teachers, is trained on the FCT strategies. When everyone uses the same approach in different settings, it helps the person apply their skills more successfully in real life.
Monitoring Progress and Adjusting Techniques
Keeping an eye on how the child is doing as they learn is essential. Track their progress with communication skills, how often problem behaviors happen, and how well they’re using the new methods. Are they still having outbursts or acting out? Are they getting the hang of using new ways to communicate, like signing or using pictures? Noticing these things helps figure out if something needs tweaking to help them make more progress.
Keep giving feedback to caregivers, teachers, and others involved to make sure everyone’s on the same page and can adjust their strategies to support the individual’s communication growth.
Challenges in Functional Communication Training for ABA
Some challenges can arise when using Functional Communication Training in ABA. These include:
- Resistance or lack of motivation from the individual. This is common when they’re used to relying on challenging behaviors to get what they want. Children with ASD can be particularly resistant when it comes to changing their routine.
- Lack of resources. This might mean not having the tools needed, like communication devices or other materials, to help the person communicate.
- Insufficient support. There can be a lack of guidance from professionals who know how to use FCT. Without proper support, it can be harder for caregivers and teachers to apply the strategies correctly or make the right adjustments, which can slow down progress.
To tackle these complications, it’s helpful to start small and be patient. Gradually reinforce the new communication skills and celebrate small successes to keep the person motivated.
It’s vitally important to ensure that everyone involved receives the proper training and guidance. This means working with professionals who can walk you through the process and help you get the tools you need, whether that’s communication devices or other materials. It’s also helpful to find resources, like workshops or online courses, that can teach you how to use these tools effectively.
Frequently Asked Questions about Functional Communication Training
Below, we address some common queries to help you better understand functional communication training in ABA.
How long does it typically take to see results from FCT?
The time it takes to see results from FCT varies from person to person, but many individuals show improvement in their communication skills within a few weeks to a few months.
Factors like the individual’s specific needs, their current level of communication skills, and how consistently the strategy is used can all play a role. With patience and persistence, FCT will lead to significant improvements.
Can Functional Communication Training be implemented at home?
Yes, Functional Communication Training can definitely be implemented at home! In fact, parents and caregivers play a crucial role in reinforcing the skills learned during FCT so that the child doesn’t only associate the skill with therapy or school, but learns to use it in other parts of their lives as well.
It’s important for parents to work closely with trained professionals, like speech therapists or behavior analysts, to make sure the strategies are being used correctly and consistently. Professionals can monitor progress, help deal with difficulties, and adjust the approach to meet the evolving needs of the child.
Final Thoughts: The Impact of Functional Communication Training
Functional Communication Training is a powerful tool that goes beyond teaching communication—it tackles the root causes of challenging behaviors. By helping individuals develop alternative ways to express their needs, FCT not only improves communication but also builds the skills needed for greater independence in everyday life.
If you or someone you care about could benefit from better communication and fewer challenging behaviors, consider FCT as part of an ABA therapy program.
At Flywheel Centers for ABA therapy, we take a collaborative, family-focused approach to supporting children with ASD. We work closely with parents and caregivers to develop personalized strategies that truly make a difference. Contact Flywheel Centers to learn more about how FCT can help you or your loved one thrive.
